+ Mandelic Acid - Derived from almonds, AHA, anti-bacterial, improvement in photoaged skin, acne, abnormal pigmentation, and skin texture
+ Lactic Acid - An Alpha Hydroxy Acid (AHA) that hydrates and exfoliates, reducing wrinkles and pigmentation discolorations
+ Niacinamide - Amide form of Niacin, involved in cellular respiration, lipid synthesis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, improves epidermal barrier function, inhibits skin pigmentation, smoothing of fine lines/wrinkles